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	<title>Student Reader&#039;s History Notes &#187; Assyrian Empire</title>
	<atom:link href="http://history.studentreader.com/category/mesopotamia/assyrian-empire/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://history.studentreader.com</link>
	<description>Just another Student Reader weblog</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 08 Sep 2010 19:09:56 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
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		<item>
		<title>Karum Kanesh</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/karum-kanesh</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/karum-kanesh#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 23:27:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Major Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[karum kanesh]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=4058</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Amorites were mobile pastoralists perhaps living in North central syria near the jumble-bishree. After entering Assur, their commercial ambitions led them to form the colony Karum Kanesh (aka Kanis or Kanes) a few hundred miles north of Assur on the Anatolian plateau. Most of our knowledge of early Assyria is from Karum Kanesh, as Assur [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Amorites were mobile pastoralists perhaps living in North central syria near the jumble-bishree. After entering Assur, their commercial ambitions led them to form the colony Karum Kanesh (aka <i>Kanis</i> or <i>Kanes</i>) a few hundred miles north of Assur on the Anatolian plateau. Most of our knowledge of early Assyria is from Karum Kanesh, as Assur is relatively devoid of evidence during this period.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Hadatu (modern Aslantas)</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/hadatu</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/hadatu#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 18:37:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=3597</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Hadatu was an Assyrian provincial city. It was founded along an important route, just 30km east of Carchemish. The 4m thick city walls follow an oval plan, and were built of mudbrick on stone foundations. There are three large gates, one each at the east, west and north.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hadatu was an Assyrian provincial city. It was founded along an important route, just 30km east of Carchemish. The 4m thick city walls follow an oval plan, and were built of mudbrick on stone foundations. There are three large gates, one each at the east, west and north. </p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Mesopotamia: Gods, Stars &amp; Temples</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/mesopotamia-gods-stars-temples</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/mesopotamia-gods-stars-temples#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:12:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonian Empire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Introduction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ashur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[belet kidmuri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[daguna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ekur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[enlil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inurta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iqbi-damiq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ishtar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[issar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[istar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[manlaharbanu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[marduk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nabu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nanaia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ninurta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[samas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shamash]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=2739</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Deity Origin Overview Adad Weather god. Anu Sky god. Ashur Ass Assyrian national god. Bel Bab &#8220;Lord,&#8221; an appelative of Marduk Belet Kidmuri Bab Lady of Kidmuri: Istar of Calah Daguna Phil Dagon, Philistine god. Ekur Temple of Illil in Nippur Illil Sum Enlil, head of Sumerian Pantheon Inurta Ass Ninurta, Assyrian war god. Iqbi-damiq [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table class="right-th">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Deity</th>
<td width="45px">Origin</td>
<td>Overview</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<th>Adad</th>
<td></td>
<td>Weather god.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Anu</th>
<td></td>
<td>Sky god.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Ashur</th>
<td>Ass</td>
<td>Assyrian national god.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Bel</th>
<td>Bab</td>
<td>&#8220;Lord,&#8221; an appelative of Marduk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Belet Kidmuri</th>
<td>Bab</td>
<td>Lady of Kidmuri: Istar of Calah</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Daguna</th>
<td>Phil</td>
<td>Dagon, Philistine god.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Ekur</th>
<td></td>
<td>Temple of Illil in Nippur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Illil</th>
<td>Sum</td>
<td>Enlil, head of Sumerian Pantheon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inurta</th>
<td>Ass</td>
<td>Ninurta, Assyrian war god.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Iqbi-damiq</th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Issar</th>
<td>Ass</td>
<td>Istar, Assyrian war goddess.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Manlaharbanu</th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Marduk</th>
<td>Bab</td>
<td>Babylonian national God.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Nabu</th>
<td>Bab</td>
<td>God of Writing. Originally a Babylonian God. Extraordinarily revered by Assyrians.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Nanaia</th>
<td></td>
<td>Goddess of love.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Sin</th>
<td></td>
<td>Moon god</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Shamash</th>
<td></td>
<td>Sun God</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="small" colspan="3">Based upon Queries to the Sungod (Starr 1990, 366-367).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="biblio">
<tr>
<th></th>
<td>Starr, Ivan. 1990. Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.</td>
</tr>
</table>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-king-ashurnasirpal-ii</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-king-ashurnasirpal-ii#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2009 02:10:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Neo-Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ashurnasirpal ii]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ashurnasirpal's standard inscription]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assurnasirpal ii]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[asurnasirpal ii]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[standard inscription assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[standard inscription of ashurnasirpal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[standard inscription of ashurnasirpal translation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=2212</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[(L) 875-860 BC relief of King Ashurnasirpal II with sword and staff from Nimrud, NW Palace Room S Panel 3 (possibly his private apartments). British Museum, ME 124563. (R) 9th cent BC alabaster stela from Nimrud of Ashurnasirpal II. Cuneiform inscription of king&#8217;s titles and achievements. British Museum, ANE 118805. Images by L. M. Clancy. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="float-right figure width-350"><a href="http://studentreader.com/files/british/nimrud/nimrud-ashurnasirpal-ii-6617-large.jpg" rel="lightbox[2212]" title="All content &copy; L. M. Clancy unless otherwise stated."><img src="http://studentreader.com/files/british/nimrud/nimrud-ashurnasirpal-ii-6617-small.jpg" alt="relief from nimrud of king ashurnasirpal ii" /></a><a href="http://studentreader.com/files/british/nimrud/nimrud-ashurnasirpal-ii-6199-large.jpg" rel="lightbox[2212]" title="All content &copy; L. M. Clancy unless otherwise stated."><img src="http://studentreader.com/files/british/nimrud/nimrud-ashurnasirpal-ii-6199-small.jpg" alt="stele of king ashurnasirpal ii british museum" /></a>(L) 875-860 BC relief of King Ashurnasirpal II with sword and staff from Nimrud, NW Palace Room S Panel 3 (possibly his private apartments). <a href="http://britishmuseum.org">British Museum</a>, ME 124563. (R) 9<sup>th</sup> cent BC alabaster stela from Nimrud of Ashurnasirpal II. Cuneiform inscription of king&#8217;s titles and achievements. <a href="http://britishmuseum.org">British Museum</a>, ANE 118805. Images by L. M. Clancy.</div>
<p>The 883-859 BC reign of Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (<i>Ashur is Guardian of the Sun</i>) brought in the Neo-Assyrian Period <sup>1</sup>. Before Ashurnasirpal II, Assyrian rulers tried to &#8220;beat the bound&#8221; and restore Assyrian boundaries. Despite early kings&#8217; campaigns in the Mediterranean and up the Tigris to Urartu, Ashurnasirpal II was the first to exert Assyrian hegemony in these areas. However, Ashurnasirpal II did not engage Babylonia.</p>
<table class="table-pad-6 right-th">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="45px">Year</th>
<td>Overview</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<th>910 BC</th>
<td>Ashurnasirpal II born as the son of Tukulti-Ninurta II.
<td></tr>
<tr>
<th>883 BC</th>
<td>Ascends throne after his father. Campaigns to secure borders in north, east and west.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>881 BC</th>
<td>Starts a campaign against the rebel governor of Nishtun at eastern Arbela.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>880 BC</th>
<td>The governor of Nishtun is captured, and publicly flayed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>879 BC</th>
<td>Revolt in northern Kashiari hills leaves vassal Amme-ba&#8217;ali dead. Assyria subdues rebels.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>879 BC</th>
<td>Calah founded as new capital after years of rebuilding using slave enemy captives.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>867 BC</th>
<td>Mediterranean campaigns succeed. Phoenician kingdoms Tyre, Byblos and Sidon pay tribute.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>859 BC</th>
<td>Death.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2>Standard Inscription of Ashurnasirpal</h2>
<p>The <i>Standard Inscription of Ashurnasirpal</i> is the wording carved across the center of every Northwest Palace wall-panel <sup>2</sup>. Certain narrow panels omit part of the inscription, but otherwise it is repeated over and over without significant variation around the entire room. The Standard Inscription of Ashurnasirpal is a catalog of royal titles, claims and achievements of Ashurnasirpal II. The translation below is displayed on a plaque alongside Ashurnasirpal&#8217;s reliefs at the British Museum.</p>
<div class="excerpt">
<p>Palace of Ashurnasirpal, priest of Ashur, favorite of Enlil and Ninurta, beloved of Anu and Dagan, the weapon of the great gods, the mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria; son of Tukulti-Ninurta, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, the son of Adad-nirari, the great king, the mighty king of Assyria; the valiant man, who acts with the support of Ashur, his lord, and has no equal among the princes of the four quarters of the world; the wonderful shepherd who is not afraid of battle; the great flood which none can oppose; the king who makes those who are not subject to him submissive; who has subjugated all mankind; the mighty warrior who treads on the neck of his enemies, tramples down all foes, and shatters the forces of the proud; the king who acts with the support of the great gods, and whose hand has conquered all lands, who has subjugated all the mountains and received their tribute, taking hostages and establishing his power over all countries.</p>
<p>When Ashur, the lord who called me by my name and has made my kingdom great, entrusted his merciless weapon to my lordly arms, I overthrew the widespread troops of the land of Lullume in battle. With the assistance of Shamash and Adad, the gods who help me, I thundered like Adad the destroyer over the troops of the Nairi lands, Habhi, Shubaru, and Nirib. I am the king who had brought into submission at his feet the lands from beyond the Tigris to Mount Lebanon and the Great Sea [the Mediterranean], the whole of the land of Laqe, the land of Suhi as far as Rapiqu, and whose hand has conquered from the source of the river Subnat to the land of Urartu.</p>
<p>The area from the mountain passes of Kirruri to the land of Gilzanu, from beyond the Lower Zab to the city of Til-Bari which is north of the land of Zaban, from the city of Til-sha-abtani to Til-sha-Zabdani, Hirimu and Harutu, fortresses of the land of Karduniash [Babylonia], I have restored to the borders of my land. From the mountain passes of Babite to the land of Hashmar I have counted the inhabitants as peoples of my land. Over the lands which I have subjugated I have appointed my governors, and they do obeisance.</p>
<p>I am Ashurnasirpal, the celebrated prince, who reveres the great gods, the fierce dragon, conqueror of the cities and mountains to their furthest extent, king of rulers who has tamed the stiff-necked peoples, who is crowned with splendor, who is not afraid of battle, the merciless champion who shakes resistance, the glorious king, the shepherd, the protection of the whole world, the king, the word of whose mouth destroys mountains and seas, who by his lordly attack has forced fierce and merciless kings from the rising to the setting sun to acknowledge one rule.</p>
<p>The former city of Kalhu [Nimrud], which Shalmaneser king of Assyria, a prince who preceded me, had built, that city had fallen into ruins and lay deserted. That city I built anew, I took the peoples whom my hand had conquered from the lands which I subjugated, from the land of Suhi, from the land of Laqe, from the city of Sirqu on the other side of the Euphrates, from the furthest extent of the land of Zamua, from Bit-Adini and the land of Hatte, and from Lubarna, king of the land of Patina, and made them settle there.</p>
<p>I removed the ancient mound and dug down to the water level. I sank the foundations 120 brick courses deep. A palace with halls of cedar, cypress, juniper, box-wood, <i>meskannu</i>-wood, terebinth and tamarisk, I founded as my royal residence for my lordly pleasure for ever.</p>
<p>Creatures of the mountains and seas I fashioned in white limestone and alabaster, and set them up at its gates. I adorned it, and made it glorious, and set ornamental knobs of bronze all around it. I fixed doors of cedar, cypress, juniper and <i>meskannu</i>-wood in its gates. I took in great quantities, and placed there, silver, gold, tin, bronze and iron, booty taken by my hands from the lands which I had conquered. <sup>2</sup></p>
</div>
<table class="biblio">
<tr>
<th>1</th>
<td>Looklex Encyclopedia (<a href="http://looklex.com/e.o/ashurnasirpal2.htm">link</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2</th>
<td>British Museum</td>
</tr>
</table>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Assyrian Capitals: Kar Tukulti Ninurta (modern Tulul al Aqar)</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/kar-tukulti-ninurta</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/kar-tukulti-ninurta#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2009 13:36:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kar tukulti ninurta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tulul al aqar]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=2183</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tukulti Ninurta I built Kar Tukulti Ninurta just across the river and 3km upstream from Assur. A canal bisected Kar Tukulti Ninurta along the north-south axis, piercing even through the core walled royal-administrative quarter. At the southern end of the canal was a monumental gate; the north end stopped short of the opposite end of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tukulti Ninurta I built Kar Tukulti Ninurta just across the river and 3km upstream from Assur. A canal bisected Kar Tukulti Ninurta along the north-south axis, piercing even through the core walled royal-administrative quarter. At the southern end of the canal was a monumental gate; the north end stopped short of the opposite end of Kar Tukulti Ninurta. To the west of the canal were monumental complexes, including two palaces at the northwest edge of the city and another right on the river. There was a ziggurat in the middle of the city&#8217;s western half, attached to which was the Assur Temple. Tukulti Ninurta I celebrated his new capital with commemorative inscriptions on alabaster tablets found at Assur and Kar Tukulti Ninurta:</p>
<div class="excerpt">(46-66) At that time the god Aššur, my lord, requested of me a cult centre on the bank opposite my city, the desired object of the gods, and he commanded me to build his sanctuary. At the command of the god Aššur, the god who loves me I built before my city Aššur, a city for (the god) Aššur on the opposite bank, besides the Tigris, in uncultivated plains and meadows where there was neither house nor dwelling, where no ruin hills of rubble had accumulated, and no bricks had been laid. I called it K?r-Tukulti-Ninurta. I surrounded it with two walls, I heaped up heaps of earth in front of the wall and I dug a big moat following the circumference of the wall. In my city Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta which I love I constructed magnificent daises to serve as armchairs for the great gods and goddesses, my lords. I cut straight as a string through rocky terrain, massive and strong mountains. I cut a wide path for two watercourses of life which carry abundance for my city Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. I transformed its plains into irrigated (fields). I arranged for regular offerings to Aššur and the great gods, my lords, in perpetuity from the produce (<i>fish</i>) of the waters of that canal.</div>
<p>Color plaster paintings decorate the palace: exteriorly, the north and south sides of the terrace; and interiorly, much of the palace walls. Dominant botanical motifs were rosettes, palmettes, lotus blossoms and the sacred tree. Color plaster was formed by mixing clay with sand and vegetable matter to form blue, red and black.</p>
<table class="table-pad-6 right-th">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="105px">Excavation</th>
<td>Overview</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<th>Royal Palace</th>
<td>The <i>North Palace</i> had an enormous terrace that has yielded fragmentary wall paintings. The terrace was 18m high, giving it the dominance of a ziggurat, and was accessed by a courtyard paved with unique rhomboid bricks and decorated with glazed green and yellow tiles. Texts found at Kar Tukulti Ninurta mention Hurrian families deported from Upper Mesopotamia to build Tukulti Ninurta I&#8217;s building projects; the unique style of the Royal Palace likely arose via their influence.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Asur Temple</th>
<td>In an innovative move, the ziggurat and temple complex were integrated. The cult room adjoins the ziggurat, and the cult nice is built into the ziggurat itself. Although the major deity was Assur, texts found at Kar Tukulti Ninurta indicate that his sanctuary was shared by many other deities of the Assyrian pantheon</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Kar Tukulti Ninurta was abandoned after the death of Tukulti Ninurta I, who was presumably assassinated by one of his sons.</p>
<p>References</p>
<p>http://proteus.brown.edu/mesopotamianarchaeology/1500</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Bit Hilani</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/bit-hilani</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/bit-hilani#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2009 11:46:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Akkadian Empire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bit hilani]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=2172</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A bit hilani (Akkadian) was a type of palace or large public building in the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BC. They had a colonnaded front porch, as described in 1 Kings 7:1-11 in reference to Solomon&#8217;s palace in Jerusalem.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <i>bit hilani</i> (Akkadian) was a type of palace or large public building in the late 2<sup>nd</sup> and early 1<sup>st</sup> millennia BC. They had a colonnaded front porch, as described in 1 Kings 7:1-11 in reference to Solomon&#8217;s palace in Jerusalem.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Assyrian Capitals</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-capitals</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-capitals#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2009 07:19:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Introduction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ashur]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dur Sharruken]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kalhu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kar tukulti ninurta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[karum kanesh]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lachish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nineveh]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=1630</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The settlement and re-settlement of the Habur region by people from Samaria, the Mediterranean shore or even way over on the border of Iran had an Aramization on Assyria. Sargon II (722-705) claims to have built a structure at Dur Sharrukin in the bit hilani style. Also, Sennacherib (704-681) claims to have done construction at [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The settlement and re-settlement of the Habur region by people from Samaria, the Mediterranean shore or even way over on the border of Iran had an Aramization on Assyria. Sargon II (722-705) claims to have built a structure at Dur Sharrukin in the bit hilani style. Also, Sennacherib (704-681) claims to have done construction at Nineveh in the bit hilani style.</p>
<table class="table-lined right-th">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="110px">Ancient</th>
<td width="75px">Modern</td>
<td width="105px">Founder</td>
<td width="70px">Year</td>
<td>Overview</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/ashur/">Ashur</a></th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>The capital of the kingdom Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1781 BC).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/karum-kanesh">Karum Kanesh</a></th>
<td>Kültepe</td>
<td>Amorite Businessmen</td>
<td></td>
<td>Though not an Assyrian capital, most of our knowledge of early Assyria is from the commercial colony Karum Kanesh founded a few hundred miles north of Assur on the Anatolian plateau.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-capitals-kar-tukulti-ninurta">Kar Tukulti Ninurta</a></th>
<td></td>
<td><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/tukulti-ninurta-i">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a></td>
<td>&#126;1220 BC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/nimrud/">Kalhu</a></th>
<td>Nimrud</td>
<td>Ashurnasirpal II</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/dur-sharrukin/">Dur Sharruken</a></th>
<td>Khorsabad</td>
<td><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-king-sargon-ii/">Sargon II</a></td>
<td>717 BC</td>
<td>Temple: ideograms are expressing great king, king of the universe type of thing, are the sequence of pictures.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/nineveh/">Nineveh</a></th>
<td>Mosul</td>
<td><a href="http://history.studentreader.com/sennacherib/">Sennacherib</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>Citadel is mound called Kuyunjik. Main citadel itself has palace without rival of Sennacherib, likely completed by his son. There is a semi-completed zigarat. There was also a Nabu, Shin Shamash and Kidnumi temple. Excavations at the kuyunjik go back to the 6th millenium BC. There was a change in style starting in Sennacherib, with miles and miles of relifs (not just throne room like at Nimrud). These reliefs lacked extensive inscriptions and only had epigraphs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Lachish</th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Not a capital of Assyria itself, but the capital of Assyrian control over Judah.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ziggurat</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/ziggurat</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/ziggurat#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:52:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=1854</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The ziggurat of Assyrian cities was less prominent than ziggurats in Babylonian cities.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The ziggurat of Assyrian cities was less prominent than ziggurats in Babylonian cities.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Haran</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/haran</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/haran#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2009 05:50:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assyrian Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Significant Sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=1763</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An alliance of the Medes and Babylonias, a decision that Assyria had become too much to deal with, forced the Assyrians to fall back into Haran. Then the Babylonians took over all the southern half of old Assyria and the Medes took over all the northern half. Sacked in 763 BCE, Harran was restored under [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>An alliance of the Medes and Babylonias, a decision that Assyria had become too much to deal with, forced the Assyrians to fall back into Haran. Then the Babylonians took over all the southern half of old Assyria and the Medes took over all the northern half. Sacked in 763 BCE, Harran was restored under the Assyrian ruler Sargon II. It served for two years as the headquarters for the then–crumbling Assyrian Empire after the fall of its capital Nineveh in 612 BCE.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Assyrian King Adad-Nirari I</title>
		<link>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-king-adad-nirari-i</link>
		<comments>http://history.studentreader.com/assyrian-king-adad-nirari-i#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 06:30:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Levi Clancy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Middle Assyria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assyria]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://history.studentreader.com/?p=1559</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Adad-nirari I (aka Adad-narari I) (1307-1275 BC) grew Assyrian power and described himself as defeater of the feocious ones, turning Hanigalbat (Assyria&#8217;s term for the Mitanni kingdom) into a vassal before annexing it completely (including Washukanni, the old Mittanni capital). However, Adad-narari I was unsuccessful against the Hittites and lost large parts of Mesopotamia to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Adad-nirari I (aka <i>Adad-narari I</i>) (1307-1275 BC) grew Assyrian power and described himself as <i>defeater of the feocious ones</i>, turning Hanigalbat (Assyria&#8217;s term for the Mitanni kingdom) into a vassal before annexing it completely (including Washukanni, the old Mittanni capital). However, Adad-narari I was unsuccessful against the Hittites and lost large parts of Mesopotamia to them; after trying to form a brotherly alliance with the Hittites, their king snidely responded; <i>Why should I write to you about brotherhood? Were you and I born of the same mother?</i>.</p>
<p>Assyria now controlled the whole western and northern territory within the defensible boundaries of the Euphrates and Tigris, giving Assyria hegemony over the riverine trade routes. To the south, just east of the Tigris, the boundary between Assyria and Babylonia was formed by either the Lower Zab, Adhaim or Diyala rivers. Adad-narari&#8217;s hard stance on this boundary led to celebratory epic, one of Assyria&#8217;s first native literary works. However, this area was battled over innumerable times and fluctuated according to levels of Assyro-Babylnonian power.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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